Oral Hygiene And The Disease Of Diabetes - 841 Words

Abstract Dental Hygienists have an enormous amount of problems with their patients, one problem being that their patients have diabetes. Patients don t realize that if they have diabetes they are more susceptible to getting serious gum disease. Studies have shown that 90-95% of patients have Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0082158). The goal of this problem is for patients to not accrue the disease of diabetes by taking care of their oral hygiene. The relevance of this topic is for patients to know the importance of their oral hygiene and what can happen to their health. Hygienists can approach this problem by explaining the complications, for instance xerostomia, thrush, burning†¦show more content†¦Like I mentioned above patients can get xerostomia, thrush, and burning mouth or tongue. As a Dental Hygienists, it is your responsibility to maintain the periodontal disease and educate your patients. Discussion Having Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is associated with oral infections. A major oral infection that will be discussed is periodontal disease. Periodontal disease and Diabetes Mellitus have a two-way relationship; periodontal disease is the sixth most common complication of Diabetes Mellitus and DM is the strongest risk factor for periodontal disease (http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0082158). A risk factor that can occur from diabetes is xerostomia; this is the condition of not having enough saliva to keep the mouth wet (http://www.nidcr.nih.gov/oralhealth/Topics/DryMouth/). As a dental hygienist, you should be concerned because this increases the chances of accumulating an oral infection. Xerostomia can be treated depending on the starting point of your dry mouth. A hygienist should inform the patient about the treatments that can be done to help their xerostomia because its a symptom of high sugar levels. With a dry mouth, the patient could have diabetes and being in the health profession you need to be cautious of your surroundings. This is one important role a hygienist has to deal with, with a patient that has diabetes. Another problem a hygienist can come in contact with

Essay about Decision Making by Criminals - 3039 Words

Decision Making by Criminals The issue of whether decision making by criminals is a rational process is a heated topic of discussion when one asserts that crime is the role of choice. Before the classical school of criminology, crime was thought to be the product of the paranormal occurrence of demons, witches, ghouls, and other creatures. The time prior to the classical school of criminology, called the preclassical era, is divided in two parts. Before the time of state intervention into private matters, each individual dealt with violations of their rights. This was a problem because of the continuous cycle of violence being perpetuated. Soon the State (and even the Church) took on the task of dispensing law and order to the masses†¦show more content†¦Whether one believes in the deterrence theory depends on their ideology. Up to the 1970?s, the theory was rejected by the criminological community while being accepted by criminal justice practitioners. Both points of view are concurrently right and wro ng. The tiger prevention fallacy is a humorous analogy drawn to illustrate the widespread fallacy that absence of crime demonstrates the effectiveness of deterrence efforts. The story identifies a man snapping his fingers in the middle of New York City and claiming that his efforts have deterred tigers from congregating. The warden?s survey is a humorous analogy drawn to illustrate the widespread fallacy that the presence of crime demonstrates that deterrence does not work. The story identifies a prison warden pointing to his inmates as proof of the absence of deterrence. Now there is care taken to distinguish between general deterrence, which is directed at the community in general, and specific deterrence, which is geared toward preventing a particular offender from committing an offense. Tipping levels is the idea that punishment certainty, severity, and celerity must reach a minimum level before a deterrent effect can be reached. The total prevention of crime through threats of punishment is absolute deterrence, this is not possible. Marginal deterrence is possible. Marginal deterrence is the preventionShow MoreRelatedThe Decision Making Of Criminal Justice Actors806 Words   |  4 PagesSpohn, C., Beichner, D., Davis-Frenzel, E. (2001) and Kane (2005) had both focused on the decision making of criminal justice actors. Spohn et al,. (2001) focused on using individual-level data with qualitative method driven data for prosecutors, well Kane (2005) used a macro-level approach using quantitative data methods on violent crime rates. Qualitative data is able to bring out factors at the individual level that may not seem significant on a macro level with lots of detail. While quantitativeRead MoreThe International Criminal Court : A Paradox Of Coherent Decision Mak ing Processes?1944 Words   |  8 PagesThe International Criminal Court: a Paradox of Coherent Decision Making Processes? 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The Classical School of Criminology is an important theory in the framework of criminal behavior, with principle themes that include: criminal acts are of individuals free will and rational deliberation, calculating, and hedonistic beings. Criminals make a rational choice and choose criminal acts due to maximizing pleasure and minimizing pain. As well as minimizing crime, the would be offender must be convinced that the likely punishmentRead MoreThe Age Of Criminal Responsibility1682 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The purpose of this report is to understand the age of criminal responsibility in both England and Singapore. The report will include a comparative study on both countries, whilst evaluating the impact each criminal system has on the child. The main focus will be upon the key policies and legal frameworks emplace to support the imprisonment and punishment of children and young people. 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European Policy For Intellectual Property †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The European Policy For Intellectual Property? Answer: Introduction With the increasing ramification of economic changes and complex business structure, each and every organizations needs to manage their ethical, social and legal issues in determined approach. In this report, demonstration of legal, regulatory and environment issues have been taken into consideration. It is observed that if company wants to create effective brand image then it will have to comply with all the legal, regulatory and environment laws and regulations. In this report, data has been prepared on social and political laws followed by Woolworth Company. It is evaluated that Woolworth Company has been running its business on international level. Therefore, it needs to establish harmonization in domestic and international. There are several laws and regulations which should be complied by Woolworth Company such as ethical compliance requirement, data privacy act, workmen compensation act, discrimination act and environmental act. It is evaluated that if company could maintain e ffective legal compliance and ethical program in its value chain activities then it will create effective brand image and valuable business working of organization. Law is the system of rules, usually enforced through legal bodies and institutions. Woolworth Company has been complying with all the domestic and international rules with a view to implement proper level of compliance program at large. In this report, regulatory and environment laws and regulations, social, culture, international and political issues have been discussed. The main focus of this report is to evaluate how Woolworths company has complied with all regulatory and environment laws and regulations, social, culture, international and political issues (Sitdikova, et al. 2016). Present description of Woolworth Company It is a major Australian company which has been running its retails business all over the world. The main headquarter of company is in Bella Vista, Australia and all the employees of company are accustomed by the orders and instructions given by Bradford who is CEO of company. This company has increased its overall revenue by 25% to AUD $ 59 billion. This company has several strategic alliances with a view to create value on its investment and expanding its business at large (Posner, 2014). Company has mission to grab at least 40% market share in retail business by rendering best level of services and goods in market. It has vision to increase clients satisfaction in retails business and diversifying its business at large. Goods and services provided by Woolworths Company Woolworths Company has been providing all types of groceries items to clients. It is observed that company has integrated with various strategic alliances and expanded its retails stores business through cyber computing enterprises resources planning. Legal compliance and corporate governance of Woolworths Company With the global marketing of business, Woolworths Company has followed international marketing functions. It is observed that company has complex business structure in which more than 1,120,000 employees are working. Company has faced several legal and corporate governance issues throughout the time. The main legal issue is related to payment of tax under double taxation avoidance agreement. In this legal issue, it is observed by evaluating the annual report of Woolworths Company that company pay tax only in Australia. However, the main issue was paying tax in New Zealand. It is evaluated that company pays only nominal taxes in New Zealand and save its tax payment in New Zealand. Related party transaction is one of the main strategic plans which company used to manipulate the prices of goods and services to reduce the overall profit. Woolworths Company increases the price of the goods and services sold by its Australian venture to its New Zealand venture with a view to reduce its New Zealand venture profit. This level of business functioning reduce the tax burden in New Zealand venture of Woolworths Company. However, this level of strategic implication increases the overall tax burden of Woolworths Company in Australia but at the same time it reduces the overall tax in New Zealand. This level of strategic planning is not ethical but it covers in tax planning program of Board of directors of Woolworths. It has been observed that Woolworths Company is more inclined towards saving its overall cost of production of its business ventures. Company has followed this level of practice to beat the competition in New Zealand so that it could sell its products and services at low profit margin. This is one of the core competencies of Woolworths Company while selling its goods and services in New Zealand venture (Pearson, 2009). Corporate governance and management issues It is evaluated that company has complied with GAAP and IFRS rules in its legal reporting compliance. However, in some of the cases, Woolworths Company have to face conflict while determining harmonization in GAAP rules and IFRS accounting standards in its reporting frameworks. For instance, as per the GAAP rules impairment loss of company should be charged from the cash generating units of company. On the other hand, if company follows IFRS rules and standard then it will have to charge its impairment test from goodwill and then remaining amount is charged from the cash generating units. However, company has complied with IFRS rules and standards with a view to make its reporting international. There is another legal issue which is related to the working hours of company. Woolworths Company has been paying salary to its employees less than its minimum wages described in workmen compensation act. This level of strategic planning of company reduces the overall cost of production but a lso destruct the brand image of company at large. This level of its business practice has increased its legal risk to comply with the applicable rules and regulation of employment act. Company has to pay minimum wages to its employee with a view to implement ethical and legal business practice. However, keeping organization culture as per the requirements and perception of clients is the best management practice but it also pose high threat in complying with the applicable corporate laws and regulations. Regulatory compliance and laws followed by Woolworths company There are several regulatory compliance and laws which are followed by Woolworths Company to make its legal compliance effective (Pearson, 2009). Fair work act 2009- This act contains all the laws and regulations regarding the effective working. It is observed that if company fails to provide best quality of goods and services to clients then company has to face high amount of penalties. As per the rules and regulations of Fair work Act 2009, each and every company in Australia needs to deliver best quality of goods and services in market (Whish, Bailey, 2015). Disgruntled Employees The lawful implications of discriminated laws and regulations of Woolworths Company in context with sexual, ethnic and age issues has been considered. Woolworths Company ensures that HR and legitimate divisions are all around prepared to deal with these issues. Woolworths Company ensures to set up with every one of the candidates' resumes and demonstrate that it enlists the most qualified people and less inclined towards discrimination in its hiring and business functioning. However, discrimination at work place could be significant issue in an incorporated work environment. General gatherings and meetings with staff helps Woolworths Companys administrators to mitigate these legal problems in easy and determined approach. Company has believed to be proactive and step out these issues previously they begin in value chain activities. Woolworths Company ensures that all its representatives can lawfully work in its business system (Pulker, Scott Pollard, 2017). It is evaluated that no employee should be discriminated in organization on the basis of race, sex, gender and cast. Woolworths Company has followed this work discrimination act and maintained equality between all of its employees. Company has implemented proper level of policies and program and maintains equality in its corporate culture. In addition to this, organization culture of Woolworths Company is completely based on the values, belief and perception (Williams Hardison, 2013). Corporation act 2001 Woolworths Company has followed all the legal compliance and laws to formulate effective business functioning. It is evaluated that if company wants to take any strategic decision then it could be done by passing resolution in general meeting. Company conduct general or special meeting to pass resolution for business decisions. These corporation act provide all the corporation compliance program and legal laws which company needs to follow to maintain effective corporate (Glenn, 2014). Listing rules and regulation Woolworths Company is listed company and it has to comply with all the listing rules and regulation of Australian stock exchange. However, company has faced various legal penalties due to its non-effective legal compliance and failed to disclose its material information to stakeholders in its listing reporting frameworks. Therefore, it could be inferred that if Woolworths Company wants to increase its business sustainability then it will have to comply with all the listing requirements and corporation act 2001. If company could comply with all the domestic and international rules then it will result to effective legal compliance program in Woolworths Company. However, as per the listing rules and regulation of Australia, Woolworths Company has to comply with applicable listing rules on quarterly basis or at the time when it comes with initial public offer or further public offer in market (Suter, 2016). Lawful Governance, Risk Management, and Compliance or "LGRC", stands for arrangement of procedures, guidelines, factors and frameworks utilized by corporate legitimate offices to receive, execute and screen an incorporated way to deal with business issues. While Governance, Risk Management, and Compliance in Woolworths Company is the summed up set of instruments for dealing with corporate and legal issues. However, the corporate governance department of Woolworths Company is the main domain of administration and consistence incorporates IT GRC and money related GRC. These three domains of Woolworths Company are used by management department to comply with the ethical and legal issues in companys business functioning, especially in extensive partnerships that have strong legal compliance (Watson, Fleming Zizzo, 2015). Legal risk of Woolworths Company Legal risk of Woolworths Company arises with its incapability to comply with the applicable rules and regulations (Shavell, 2014). However, with the changes and amendment in corporate laws, Woolworths Company has faced various issues while complying laws and regulations. these law corporate administration alludes to a framework in which corporates or associations are overseen. It involves working of connections between the administrations, advisory groups of the Board, and representatives of Woolworths Company. Corporate administration structure of Woolworths Company empowers associations to satisfy its objectives and goals for the reason that its capacities are not postponed around dangers of revolutions of its value chain activities. Legal department of Woolworths Company needs to focus on issues of legal compliance and corporate governance (Bird Park, 2015). There are various issues related with neglecting to consent to specific directions. Actually, the degree of dangers or lega l compliance risk in Woolworths Company depends upon the complexity and legal risk management capabilities. Despite issues included, the cost of consistence is substantially less than the dangers developing out from resistance to new rules and amendment. In watching business morals, the assets associated with consistence of Woolworths Company states and governments to make employments and enhance societal position of its residents (Nonet, 2017). By expand; consistence is advantageous in that it makes corporate bodies to satisfy their social commitments to individuals from the general population. Some of these expenses additionally include parts of direct uses made by associations to follow security issues, when gone along; these controls guarantee buyers get fantastic products and ventures. Despite the fact that high at times, the expenses of consistence guarantee reasonable exchange and permit preparations of products and ventures that meet buyer prerequisites, needs and needs (Won g, 2001). The main area of legal risk for Woolworth Company There are several areas in which Woolworth Company has failed to comply its applicable rules and regulation. The main legal risk arise when company faced harmonization in its domestic GAAP rules and IFRS accounting standards. This legal risk arise in case of legal compliance in the reporting of financial statements. It is evaluated that company has used IFRS accounting standards and domestic rules compliance in the reporting of financial statements. The main legal risk arise when there is conflict between GAAP rules and IFRS standards. For instance, in case of implementing impairment test, company has faced issues while harmonizing between GAAP rules and IFRS standard. As per the GAAP rules all the impairment loss must be charged from the cash generating units. While, as per the IFRS rules, company needs to charge its impairment loss first from the goodwill amount after that remaining loss could be charged from other cash generating assets of company (Rembar, 2015). This level of con flict create legal compliance risk while reporting of financial statement of company on international level. However, following IFRS rules and standards reduce the legal reporting compliance risk of company in determined approach. Another legal risk which company has faced throughout the time is related to using false social media advertisement. Company has showcased its products and services to the extent of its limits and made false promise which are not legal and ethical as well. Furthermore, company has also sold its business units to other organization which may also result to creation of cartel for its rivals in Australia. The main problem or highest legal risk is related to failure to comply with the applicable rules and regulation due to the consistent amendment and laws. For instance, if there is changes in regulatory requirement of applicable laws then in that case if company is not maintain its legal compliance program up to date base then in this case it will make compan y failure to comply with these newly applicable rules and regulation. This will not only result to imposition of penalties but also destruct the brand image of company at large (MacCormick Weinberger, 2013). Legal risk management in Woolworths Company It is evaluated that legal risk management is the main important part which must be followed by Woolworths Company in its legal compliance program. It is to the way toward assessing elective administrative and non-administrative outcomes of non-compliance of legal law and applicable rules. Indeed, even with the legitimate domain, this procedure requires learning of the lawful, monetary and social components, and information of the business world in which lawful groups operate. In a hierarchical setting, Woolworths Companys legal administration department manage for the procedure to which an association sets the proper resistance, recognizes potential dangers and organizes the resilience for management of legal risk in light of the association's business goals, and mitigate all the legal and compliance issues. However, Woolworths Company has managed its regulatory related risk. In this company, this risk is relate to risk of having organization's permit to work "pulled back by a contr oller, or having conditions connected (reflectively or tentatively) that offensively affect the financial estimation of an endeavor" (Woolworths Company). This company has strong legal compliance department but in order to increase the effectiveness of companys business functioning, it has to hire legal experts who have tremendous level of legal and laws related knowledge. Woolworths Companys legal department is accompanied with 19 legal experts who comply with all the domestic and international rules and regulations in determined approach (Hammit, et al. 2013). Woolworths Company might be liable to the directions from government organizations, and institutional commissions. It's critical to comprehend the particular directions that apply to your organization's business functioning, and the related principles transactions. For example, details, arrangements, benchmarks or laws, Woolworths Company look over to maintain a strategic distance from punishments as well as suit through its legal compliance program. It's additionally essential to know when changes are introduced and amendment is made in Australian economy with the particular rules and regulations. Woolworths Company needs to follow Proactive administrative policies and programs (Pollack, 2017).It requires executing particular arrangements, strategies and conventions to determine that Woolworths Company will be following all the rules and regulations in consistence well ahead of time of issued laws and regulations. However, if Woolworth Company wants to manage its risk then it will h ave to implement proper level of compliance program and effective legal compliance analysis. Exact estimation of probability of occurring of uncertain even in legal compliance of Woolworth is very hard and results is once in a while, if at any point, conceivable or cumbersome to get. Vulnerability to failure to comply with the applicable laws and regulations of legal compliance program of company includes risk in complying with newly introduced laws and meeting with imposition of penalties and traits. In the legal risk management program, Woolworths company examination plans to refine, not resolve, and recognized legal compliance uncertainty. The last piece of legal risk management part examination is to work in parameters or factors for the components which affects the companys compliance (Goho, 2016). For instance, harms for a claim may go amongst $X and $2X if company fails to comply with the particular legal requirement in Australia. For instance, Woolworths company entered into strategic alliance with other organization for its integrated business and if that resulted into cartel in government eyes then company will have to face high level of penalties and break down of its business functioning. Evaluation of legal risk by Woolworths Company It is determined that if Woolworths company find any legal risk then management department should evaluate the impact of it on business and how company could mitigate these risk. It is evaluated that legal risk could be managed only when company hire an effective legal compliance department. All the law experts will evaluate all the applicable rules and regulations of government on country with a view to save the company from penalties and regulatory charges at large (Sitdikova, et al. 2016). Reason of short term and long term legal risk for Woolworths Company After evaluating the annual report and other external factors of business, it is evaluated that Woolworths Company has legal risk in complying with the foreign exchange management laws and regulations and listed laws (Edwards, 2014). With the complexity of listing rules and regulations, company failed to comply with the listing requirements while issuing its initial public offers and further public offer. It is considered that Australian listing rules and regulations are very complex and if company wants to comply with these rules then it will have to hire listing laws experts. Another short term legal risk arise for corporate governance requirement in which foreign exchange management laws, employment act and other applicable rules. If company fails to achieve these laws in short term then it will also hamper the long term legal risk of company. In addition to this, if company appoint a legal department in company then it will increase the overall cost of production of company. Fail ure to comply with the listing rules and regulations result to destruction of brand image and imposition of penalties on company. Top management department of Woolworths Company have found the reason of its long term and short legal risk which is related to the complex legal laws applicability and less effective legal department. If company could hire efficient legal experts in its legal department then it may increase the overall efficiency and corporate governance rating. Another legal risk in Woolworths Company is related to establishment of harmonization in domestic legal compliance and international legal compliance. It is evaluated that if company has to follow IFRS rules and standards (Posner, 2014). Strategic option for company to avoid these legal risk It is evaluated that Woolworths company could mitigate its legal risk by following proper level standards regulatory requirements. However, changes in existing laws and regulation may increase the vulnerability in legal compliance risk. Woolworths Company has several strategic options to avoid these legal risk such as hiring law experts, outsourcing its legal requirement program to big legal compliance firm and implementing proactive compliance program. If Woolworths follows these regulatory compliance program then it will increase the overall efficiency of company and mitigate the possible legal compliance risk in determined approach. Communication and proper proactive compliance requirement may also help company to comply with domestic and international laws. It is evaluated that if company should indulged in following international compliance program over applicable domestic rules and regulations. This strategic option will not only help Woolworths company to comply with applicabl e rules and laws but also strengthen its brand image on international level. The main damage which Woolworths Company has stroke is related to its legal compliance issues. Company has to face high amount of penalties and charges due to its non-effective legal compliance program. This level of non-effectiveness has several impact on the company such as destruct brand image, increase overall cost of productions and reducing the efficiency of company in market. There are other several strategic options such as minimizing the business operation to domestic level of non-listing of companys share. However, in this case, company may minimize its legal requirement but will also destruct its business functioning. If company wants to minimize these legal compliance issues then it will first have to hire legal experts who have up to date laws related knowledge and can comply with all the applicable rules and regulations. In addition to this, in Australia, there are several legal experts firms who take outsourcing of legal compliance and help companies to comply with their applicable rules and regulations in easy and determined approach (Tricker Tricker, 2015). Recommendation This company has various legal risk and uncertainty to run its business in long run. However, with the ramified growth and changing legal compliance, company has hired legal department to comply with all the applicable rules and regulations. It is evaluated that company needs to hire legal experts who have knowledge of all current laws and regulations. These experts are very well versed with all the laws and acts which company should comply. If Woolworth Company could hire these law experts then it may increase the overall cost but clean the companys image in its stakeholders mind (Dinovitzer, Gunz Gunz, 2015). For the most part, Woolworths Company is looked with boundless inner and outside variables that put a question mark on whether the Woolworths Company could maintain its business effectively in future time. Company has increased its overall annual turnover by average growth rate of 12% since last five years. Nonetheless, with the ramified economic changes and social, ethical f actors of Australia, Woolworths Company may fails to maintain legal and ethical business. If Woolworths Company could strengthen its legal compliance program and ethical code of conduct then it may overcome all the possible threats and compliance issues. A Compliance Management System tends to be associated with key zones, for example, reputation, Market and product development, financial arranging and risk Management. Woolworths Company needs to adopt consistence Management System as that contains three key components that are related with each other. These are named as Board and Management oversight, Compliance program, and Compliance review. It is expressed when every one of these components cooperate, it empowers an association to be fruitful in dealing with their consistence obligations adequately (Williams Hardison, 2013). Conclusion It could be inferred that if Woolworths Company have perfect Compliance Management System in its internal business functioning then it will strengthen the legal compliance program, minimization of risk and effective ethical business practice. A Compliance program incorporates following significant parts. These are work force, preparing and forms. These have been portrayed in later segments of the report. In addition to this, company could maintain ethical business practice only when it focuses on providing best quality services and products to its clients. Woolworths Company have set up effective code of conduct to its employees but customization of same as per the likes, perception, choices of employees will also strengthen its business practice in determined approach. References Bird, R. C., Park, S. (2015). Legal and Regulatory Aspects of Enterprise Risk Management for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises. Dinovitzer, R., Gunz, H., Gunz, S. (2015). The Changing Landscape of Corporate Legal Practice: An Empirical Study of Lawyers in Large Corporate Law Firms.Can. B. Rev.,93, 343. Edwards, L. H. (2014).Legal Writing: Process, Analysis, and Organization. Wolters Kluwer Law Business. Glenn, H. P. (2014).Legal traditions of the world: sustainable diversity in law. Oxford University Press (UK). Goho, S. A. (2016). The legal implications of report back in household exposure studies.Environmental health perspectives,124(11), 1662. Hammit, J., Rogers, M., Sand, P., Wiener, J. B. (2013).The reality of precaution: Comparing risk regulation in the United States and Europe. RFF Press. MacCormick, N., Weinberger, O. (2013).An institutional theory of law: new approaches to legal positivism(Vol. 3). Springer Science Business Media. Nonet, P. (2017).Law and society in transition: Toward responsive law. Routledge. Pearson, G. (2009).Financial Services Law and Compliance in Australia. Cambridge University Press. Pollack, M. A. (2017). The New, New Sovereigntism (Or, How the Europe Union Became Disenchanted with International Law and Defiantly Protective of Its Domestic Legal Order). Posner, R. A. (2014).Economic analysis of law. Wolters Kluwer Law Business. Pulker, C. E., Scott, J. A., Pollard, C. M. (2017). Ultra-processed family foods in Australia: nutrition claims, health claims and marketing techniques.Public Health Nutrition, 1-11. Rembar, C. (2015).The law of the land: The evolution of our legal system. Open Road Media. Shavell, S. (2014). Risk aversion and the desirability of attenuated legal change.American Law and Economics Review,16(2), 366-402. Sitdikova, L. B., Shilovskaya, A. L., Volkova, M. A., Lenkovskaya, R. R., Stepanova, N. A. (2016). Legal Regulation of the Professional Liability Insurance of a Consultant in Russia and Abroad.Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics,7(2 (16)), 392. Suter II, G. W. (2016).Ecological risk assessment. CRC press. Tricker, R. B., Tricker, R. I. (2015).Corporate governance: Principles, policies, and practices. Oxford University Press, USA. Watson, S., Fleming, P., Zizzo, D. (2015). Perceptions of legal risk do not predict behaviour in unlawful file sharing: an empirical analysis.European Policy for Intellectual Property. Whish, R., Bailey, D. (2015).Competition law. Oxford University Press, USA. Williams, T., Hardison, P. (2013). Culture, law, risk and governance: contexts of traditional knowledge in climate change adaptation.Climatic Change,120(3), 531-544.

Emma Goldman free essay sample

You can never imagine a world without Emma Goldman. Emma Goldman died on May 14, 1940. Emma dedicated her life to the creation of a radically social order. Also, she embraced anarchism for its vision; and it offered liberty, harmony, and social justice. She had a deep commitment to absolute freedom and that led her to espouse a range of controversial causes. Goldman was a radical thinker. Forty years on she is more than emblematic, she is iconic. Emma Goldman was born in the imperial city of Russia of Kovno on June 27, 1869. Emma’s mother Taube was married to a man when she was 15 years old He later died and she was left with two children. Emma’s mother had a second marriage arranged to Abraham Goldman. First of all, when Emma was a child she constantly was abused by her stepfather when she displeased him. Emma was uncontrollable and rebellious to her stepfather â€Å"I’ll kill that brat†, he often said. (Gornick 7). Also, the family constantly moved from Konovo to Konigsberg to Petersburg. Emma’s education was very limited. Although she passed the exam to secondary school, she was denied the character reference necessary for admission. The religion teacher declared her â€Å"a terrible child who would grow into a worse woman† (Gornick 7. )When Emma became 12 years old education came to an end for her. When Emma was 16 years old her father told her it was time for her to get married and he would arrange this. She begged once more to return to school instead of getting married. Emma begged her father to immigrate to the United States with her sister Helena; they both wanted to join their older sister Lena already living in upstate New York. She had threated suicide to her stepfather because her stepfather did not let her immigrate and later he let her go. In 1885, Emma immigrated to the United States and settled in Rochester, New York. She began working in clothing factories in 1886 and by the age of fifteen she worked in a corset factory. Also, Emma worked 10 hours a day and Emma only made two and a half dollars a week. Emma met Joseph Kershner at one of her jobs and he also shared a love for books and hatred for work. She was only 18 years old when he had convinced her that they should marry. Moreover, she learned that he was depressed and he was attracted to Emma because he thought his vitality would rescue from himself. She sued him for divorce and left him within a few months of their wedding. By 1889, she developed anarchist ideas. Her speeches attracted attention in the United States. Emma formed a close association with Alexander Beckman who was imprisoned during 1892 for attempting to assassinate Henry Clay Flink during the Homestead Steel Strike. Beckman was Goldman’s first real love. Hecklers suppressed her lectures. Also, police officers would suppress her speeches and writing. Eventually, she was arrested so often that she began to carry a book wherever she went because she feared sitting in jail with nothing to read. Emma was arrested in New York City in 1893 for inciting a riot when a group of unemployed workers reacted to a speech she had given. Goldman embarked on tours in Europe and the United States after her release from prison. In 1906, she had founded Mother Earth, a political and literary periodical that she edited until its suppression in 1917. Moreover, in 1908 Goldman’s naturalization as a citizen was revoked by a legal stratagem. She had published â€Å"Anarchism† and other essays two years later. Emma Goldman went to jail because she spoke freely on birth control. When World War I broke out in Europe she opposed United States involvement and she later agitated against military conscription. In June 1917 she was sentenced for two years for these activities. In 1901, Leon Czologosz claiming he was acting under Goldman’s influence, assassinated Although she had not been involved and only met him briefly, she was arrested immediately as an accomplice. Lack of evidence eventually forced the authorities to release her from prison. In September 1919 she was caught in hysteria over a largely imaginary network of communist operatives. Emma was called Red Emma because she was declared a subversive alien and she was deported to the Soviet Union. She did not stay there for very long. Two years after leaving she recounted her experiences in her book My Disillusionment in Russia (1923). Goldman was an advocate for birth control, workers’ rights, equality, sexual freedom, and independence for women. Also, she was either harassed or arrested anytime she gave a lecture and she was also banned outright for speaking sometimes. Goldman had become a prominent figure as a woman in the fight for freedom in America, for economic freedom for women, racial education, and anti-militarism Even though Emma was hostile against religion she had core beliefs emerging from a Jewish tradition that had championed a universal justice. Emma applied her ideas about free love to women, men, homosexuals, and heterosexuals consistently. Emma believed that individuals should enter into and leave personal relationships with no constraints, a view determined by her commitment to the principle of absolute freedom and her experience of a failed marriage. She stated, â€Å"If I ever love a man again I will give myself to him without being bound by the rabbi or the law, and when that love dies, I will leave without permission. † (Goldman 1889). Goldman helped launch the No Conscription League in May 1917, soon after the entry into World War I. She and Berkman were arrested for conspiring against the draft in 1917. Emma had argued her actions far from being anti American, were intended to prompt her adopted country to live up to its own ideas. Emma believed that the United States they had no right to make a war and she was a pacifist. Also, rather than organizing a conspiracy to obstruct the draft, she said, she had been claiming to exercise her rights to free rights and she had been educating her audiences about conscientious objection. After Goldman’s release she was re arrested on the order of the young J. Edgar Hoover, who had persuaded the courts to deny Goldman’s citizenship. In 1920 she and Beckman had questioned the Soviet leader on the lack of freedom of speech and the press and the persecution of anarchists in Soviet Russia. Goldman spent the rest of her days in exile from the United States wandering through Sweden, Germany, France, England, and Canada. In 1925, she married an English Coal Miner but it was only a formality to obtain her British citizenship. In the 1920s and 1930s she struggled economically and was frustrated by the restrictions on her status as an exile on political activities. Also, she engaged herself in literary projects and in 1931 she wrote an autobiography Living My Life. Emma became increasingly concerned about the rising tide of Fascism and Nazism. The next several years she lectured frequently on the dangers posted by Hitler and his fellow Nazis. She had moved to Canada where she worked to gain asylum for Spanish refugees and helped foreign born radicals threatened with deportation to fascist countries. For example in July 1936, when the Spanish American War erupted Goldman supported the Loyalist cause with an enthusiasm reminiscent of her early years in America. â€Å"In addition, anarchists had succeeded in receiving popular support in parts of Spain. † (Jewish Women’s Archive). When Goldman visited towns and farms in Aragon and Levante, she was captivated by what seemed to her to be the beginning of an anarchist revolution. Emma Goldman soon became the London representative of the National Confederation of Labor and Anarchist Federation of Iberia, directing the English language press service and propaganda bureau for Spanish anarchists. Goldman wrote hundreds of letters to supporters and editors. In 1940, she had a stroke that made her unable to speak. After her death on May 14, 1940, the U. S. immigration and Naturalization Service allowed her body to be re-admitted to the U. S. and she was buried in Chicago. Her own experiences closely anticipated debates on today’s most important political and social issues. Finally, decades after her death Goldman’s presence remains with us in many ways.