Anorexia Nervosa Research Paper

<h1>Anorexia Nervosa Research Paper</h1><p>In a meeting with the site hereon, the author had expressed that she was keen on discovering how and why this condition is as yet not paid attention to by the clinical calling. She referenced that individuals ought to be made mindful of this condition and have the option to know why it is still on the ascent. She is likewise of the view that individuals must get instructed about this condition and should be made mindful that there are many individuals who do experience the ill effects of this illness.</p><p></p><p>The essayist had imparted the name of her undertaking to anorexia and other related sites. Coming up next is the thing that she needed to state in her meeting. She had talked about that she had gotten keen on examining regarding the matter of anorexia nervosa when the popular weight lifter Roberta and a specific Italian-conceived entertainer had experienced this disease. She had been entran ced by the way that after the entirety of their torments and battles, they had figured out how to recoup from the illness.</p><p></p><p>The author had posted a couple of her discoveries on her own site trying to make individuals mindful of the state of anorexia nervosa. The consequences of her examination paper are as of now accessible on the web. This specific research paper examines the indications of anorexia nervosa which incorporate a dread of being slight, a fixation on nourishment, the person's shame and modesty around their bodies, the finding that the individual couldn't make companions due to their weight issue and the bitterness and melancholy that accompany being anorexic.</p><p></p><p>The investigate paper has gone on about various projects and associations which manage issues concerning the treatment of anorexia nervosa and its causes. It has additionally gone on about different enemy of anorexia programs which have been intended to help the individuals who are experiencing this illness.</p><p></p><p>The essayist had referenced that she had gotten a great deal of input on her exploration paper, which likewise contains a remark from an arya who was determined to have anorexia nervosa. He shared his experience of attempting to comprehend the ailment in a basic and clear way. His remarks were very encouraging.</p><p></p><p>One of different recommendations in the examination paper is the utilization of an anorexia nervosa bolster bunch so as to help the individuals who are influenced by this ailment and their families. The essayist had noticed that the utilization of such gatherings might be essential in the event that one is genuinely thinking about surrendering hope.</p><p></p><p>It has been noticed that there is a requirement for look into papers to be distributed so as to teach the overall population about the state of anorexia nervosa. The essayist has expressed that if more individuals are made mindful of the issues that are related with this disease, at that point the odds of recouping from this condition will increment. She has shared that she expects to keep composing articles regarding the matter of anorexia nervosa just as distributing them in journals.</p>

Interesting Essay Topics For Grade 8

<h1>Interesting Essay Topics For Grade 8</h1><p>There are a wide range of approaches to compose an intriguing exposition subject for grade 8. Above all else, it is imperative to recollect that there are no 'norm' exposition points or subjects. A few articles are intended to be testing, while others are written in a clear way, and others are written in the style of a run of the mill exposition composed for secondary school or college.</p><p></p><p>Many secondary school understudies need to make their papers fascinating, thus they attempt to go to compose an intriguing paper theme for grade 8. It is conceivable to do this, yet it requires a tad of tolerance and thought. An elegantly composed exposition can make you stand apart from the crowd.</p><p></p><p>It is essential to recollect that there are no 'norm' article subjects for grade 8. An understudy may decide to compose their paper in a progressively contemporary styl e or essentially decide to stay with the customary style. Be that as it may, it ought to be recalled that there are a few points that must be written in some style. These subjects incorporate history, sports, religion, and mathematics.</p><p></p><p>In different words, in the event that you need to make a fascinating article theme for grade 8, you should figure out how to make the point intriguing to the peruser. For instance, in the event that you need to compose an intriguing paper point for grade 8 on history, you have to investigate the subjects of the past and ensure that they are fascinating to the reader.</p><p></p><p>In request to make sense of what subjects the ebb and flow age of understudies are keen on, it is ideal to do some examination about their inclinations and read books and magazines. For instance, if the present gathering of understudies are keen on history, you should compose an article on 'Where We Have Been and Wh ere We Are Going'. Or then again, in the event that they are keen on sports, you could compose an article on 'What Makes Us Happy and What Makes Us Tired'.</p><p></p><p>In expansion, on the off chance that they are keen on religion, you could discuss 'Who Wants to Be Saved and Who Wants to Die'. Despite the fact that, while talking about religion, it would likely be a smart thought to cease from utilizing the word 'god' however much as could reasonably be expected. Keep in mind, in any case, that your crowd is generally liable to be youngsters, and on the off chance that you need to get them to identify with the point, it would be a smart thought to utilize the word 'god' sparingly.</p><p></p><p>As you can see, it isn't at all hard to compose an intriguing exposition subject for grade 8. In any case, you should place shortly of time and exertion into thinking of a subject that isn't just fascinating to the peruser, however intriguing t o your crowd as well.</p>

Essay Topics For Students - Easy to Use Video Essay Topics

Essay Topics For Students - Easy to Use Video Essay TopicsWhen it comes to choosing the right essay topic for your final project, you have plenty of options available to you. Whether you want to write an academic-type essay or something with a personal touch, you will likely find that there are many different writing tools that you can use in order to write your essay.If you are looking for a simple essay topic, then you will want to focus on the most basic idea that you would like to express. Remember that it is always easier to make a topic interesting by using words and ideas that you already know. There are many resources online that can help you come up with these ideas.For example, if you want to write an essay about a movie, you can use something simple such as something from the previous few decades in order to come up with a topic that can be easy to write about. For example, look at the last ten years and what movies have made the best reviews. You may be surprised by what you find! Also, consider what movies were popular during the late seventies.For this example, you will need to look at some movies that were made in the previous few years and see how they did in the box office. Then, look at what the most popular movies of those years were. You can even find lists of the top ten movies from each decade or even decades.Now, you should also look at the current trends in video essay topics. Look at the popularity of films that have been released recently, as well as popular blockbusters such as Star Wars and Lord of the Rings. By looking at these and other titles, you can come up with a list of topics that can make your essay stand out from the crowd.Before you begin to brainstorm different essay topics, you should find a topic that you really enjoy writing about. As you review what you found, you will notice that there are many different topics that can make a great topic. You can find ideas that are specific to certain people and movies or you can l ook at general themes.Look through several books at your local library, as well as online resources that can give you ideas. You can also find essay topics for free online.Whatever the case, you will want to remember that you will be able to come up with plenty of essay topics through the use of the internet. There are plenty of resources available that can help you get started with your assignment. Once you find a topic that you enjoy writing about, you can rest assured that you will have some great material for your final assignment.

Essay on Baby Boom Topics - Make It Look Professional

Essay on Baby Boom Topics - Make It Look ProfessionalIf you are writing an essay on baby boom topics, then you might want to make it look professional. Writing essays is one of the most important skills that a college student can have. In fact, having a good writing style is very important to being successful in college and in your future career. For these reasons, it is important that you master all the aspects of a good essay.Since your topic will revolve around something as important as how you wish to start a new career or pursue further education, then you must make sure that you do your homework. First, you must try to find out more about the book and how it took place. Find out where boomers were born, what their educational backgrounds were, and how they became the people that they are today.If you decide to write about your personal experiences with boomers, then you need to include every aspect of what they have brought to the United States. You can even talk about their fa milies and how they helped you along the way. Do not forget to mention how they helped you when you were young and how they can help you when you reach adulthood. For example, you might mention that your boomers are the ones who started school for you, or that they are the ones who gave you your first job.Writing an essay on baby boom topics also means that you will need to list all of the advantages that you can have. Since this is a document meant to be read by a lot of people, then you need to make sure that you include as many benefits as possible. This means that you should also add as much information as possible to a topic that deals with a specific subject. For example, if you wrote about how your boomers helped you earn a degree, then you could mention how they helped you by giving you a better chance at succeeding in life.Writing an essay on baby boom topics is one of the most difficult things that a college student can do. However, it is important to remember that this is also an important skill to have, since it will help you in your future endeavors. Just remember that you will need to do research to make sure that everything is accurate and that everything is related to the subject. By doing so, you will be able to put the information into your essay to help others who are working on their own essays to do the same.Essay writing also takes a great deal of time. However, it does not have to be the worst thing that you can do. By hiring a ghostwriter, you can help to speed up the process, which would make it more effective. Since you will not have to write the entire thing yourself, you can instead leave the writing to someone else, and once the work is done, you can send it off to a professional for the editing.Essay writing is one of the best ways to go about getting your college essays completed in time. If you decide to use the internet to help you with your essays, then you should take the time to do some research to make sure that you are hir ing a professional for the work. Your efforts will all be worth it in the end, since it will help you finish your essay in time and without problems.

Theme of Death in William Faulkners A Rose for Emily Essay

Theme of Death in William Faulkners A Rose for Emily William Faulkners A Rose for Emily is a tragic tale of a Southern aristocrat, Miss Emily Grierson, who is the subject of a towns obsession. The narrator, a member of the town, tells the story of what transpires in a decaying old Southern house that is always under the watchful eye of the townspeople. They witness Miss Emilys life, her fathers death, her turn to insanity and the death of both her and her lover. The theme of death runs throughout this tale, which is understandable considering the events that take place in the story. Faulkner uses foreshadowing to foretell events that will transpire later in the story. Because of this foreshadowing, a reader†¦show more content†¦This description of Emilys hair is important, because one of Emilys hairs will be found next to Homers body, and it also shows how Emily is decaying like the house and items inside. Early in the story Emily writes a letter on stationary of an archaic shape and with fading ink. The references here are to the way she is always described growing older and decaying. Even Emilys house shares her short squat characteristic and coquettish decay. The insanity of Miss Emily is also foretold in A Rose for Emily. When the body of Homer is found in her bed, the reader can understand that Emily killed him, because her mental stability had been questioned a number of times. The narrator begins these allusions to her mental state when he tells how the mayor, Colonel Sartoris, bestows a special tax exemption upon Miss Emily. Colonel Sartoris makes up a story so unbelievable that it is described as so outlandish that only a woman could have believed it. Later, the townspeople talk about her great-aunt, the lady Wyatt, who had gone completely crazy. They wonder about poor Emily with the insanity in her family. Her mental state comes into question again when the town removes the body of her father. She is said to have broke down and finally let them in to take and bury the body. This is an obvious analogy to her having a mental breakdown. This is followed with the statement that the townspeople didShow MoreRelatedEs say on Oh Who Will Protect Poor Emily?1027 Words   |  5 PagesIn Faulkner’s â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, there is a constant theme of protection for Emily Grierson, because she was a woman living in the south after the civil war and the requirements that were placed on women enable to be honorable. That is to say that, women needed to be protected by the men of the community during that time in history and women’s actions were constantly under watch to see if a woman was honorable and worthy of protection or not. 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With only three semesters of college, he was forced to create from nearly a blank slate; college had not brainwashed him in to a repetitive nature with writing a certain

Genetics Embryonic Stem Cells

Question: Discuss the options that are available to produce genome modifications in the?mouse using mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells (20 marks). Describe in detail a non-ES?cell method you could use to conduct a forward genetic screen in the mouse. Use diagrams to illustrate your answer. Answer: Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are recognized as pluripotent stem cells that are derived from the inner cell mass of blastocyst in the mammalian system and have the property to differentiate into any type of cells along with additional feature of propagation and plasticity. These cells are capable of exhibiting long term proliferative potential, maintain high telomerase activity and possess a normal karyotype. Pertaining to their plasticity and potential for unlimited capacity for self renewal, ESCs are widely used in regenerative medicine and replacement of damaged tissue following injury or disease. In mouse related or murine ESCs , these characteristic features of the ESCs are utilized as well to achieve the necessary outcomes associated to genomic modifications in mouse. The genetic modifications in the context of genetic engineering generally comprise of three broad categories encompassing somatic, germline and cloning. The genome modifications generally result due to error in the DNA damage repair pathway that account for non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) and eventuallt cause double strand break (DSB) of the DNA that in turn might alter the cellular pathway to a large extent. Mouse ESCs make use of the high fidelity homologous recombinational repair (HRR) strategy to repair the DSB. Mammalian gene manipulation has been conducted by virtue of gene targeting using the murine ESCs in an effort to correct the mutant hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT) gene via homologous recombination (Doetschman et al. 1986). The regulation of genetic expression achieved without altering the DNA sequence is normally executed via epigenetic plasticity. Empirical research suggest that mouse ESCs express high levels of Ten-Eleven translocation (TET1) protein that mediate the induction of 5 hydroxymethyl cytosine (5hmC) upon gene regulatory elements. Further analysis showed that co-localization of 5 hmC with Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC 2) is very much spec ific to mouse ESCs and PRC2 dependent engagement of Tet1 offer epigenetic plasticity (Neri et al. 2013). Mouse ESCs have been demonstrated to induce pluripotent stem cells through introduction of various transcription factors as well as upregulation of certain genes. Essentially the experiment conducted by Takahashi and Yamanaka 2006, showed the potential of four factors namely Oct3/4, Sox2, c-Myc, Klf4 under adequate ES cell culture conditions induced the generation of pluripotency in somatic cells. Hence, these marker genes were identified to be crucial in genetic modifications of such cells though incorporation of certain defined factors. Expression of several other genes including Nanog, Stat3 and -catenin were found to be specific in case of the mouse ESCs as well. Further studies prove that CRISPR/Cas-9 mediated genome engineering simultaneously target five genes such as Tet 1,2, 3, Sry, Uty-8 alleles in murine ESCs via high fidelity gene editing procedures. The one step gener ation of animals carrying mutations in multiple genes by means of operating CRISPR/Cas system within the mouse ESCs are therefore found to be beneficial in studying the epistatic interactions in conjunction with in vivo analysis of the functionally redundant genes (Wang et al. 2013). Thus through the adoption of the mouse ESCs into clinical research experiments it is now possible to carry out genetic modifications ranging from subtle mutations such as point mutation, insertion or micro deletion along with chromosomal rearrangements like duplication, translocation and macro deletion through proper gene targeting methods. Fig: Genetic modifications using mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) (Source: www.physiolgenomics.physiology.org. (2016) Retrieved on 9 December 2016 from https://physiolgenomics.physiology.org/content/34/3/225) In the recent times, the concept of forward genetics has been rendered as a coveted topic in terms of evaluating the genetic basis responsible for expressing a specific type of phenotype in an organism. Primarily naturally occurring mutations or induction of mutation by virtue of radiation, chemicals or using transposable elements may be conducted by means of harboring this technique where the function of a gene and its phenotypic character through analysis of the altered DNA sequences may be studied. In the context of the mouse, forward genetics has been applied to expose the yet unknown genes and also in order to detect the behavioral mutant of the circadian rhythm. The advent of the high density genetic maps together with the onset of the physical mapping resources, positional cloning associated with any mutation in the mouse is a practically possible and feasible (Takahashi, Pinto and Vitaterna 1994). Relevant researches have shown the efficacy of the CRISPR-Cas 9 system as a pre cise gene targeting and gen screening tool by completely disrupting the target genes compared to other contemporary methods. Hence systematic genetic analysis is fostered by means of following this technique as evident in the mammalian cells such as that in the mouse non-embryonic stem cells (non ESCs) (Wang et al. 2014). Non embryonic stem cells or adult stem cells play a vital role in forward genetics to assess the phenotype in the diseased organism. The adult stem cells are thought to be undifferentiated cells residing in stem cell niche found among differentiated cells of the tissue organ. The maintenance and repair of the tissues in which the non-embryonic stem cells are found constitute the major functions of these cells and have the ability to give rise to some or nearly all of the bodily tissues because of their multipotent activity. A study relevant to the non-embryonic stem cells provided the evidence for differentiation of these cells into cells having a pancreatic lineag e thereby showcasing the efficacy of the forward genetics concept (Verfaillie et al. 2013). A forward genetic screen in mouse utilizing the non-ESCs method was carried out to study the sleep behavior in mice as a whole that may be referred to in this regard. At first an electroencephalogram or electromyogram based screening method of randomly mutagenised mice were done to detect the dominant mutations that influence the sleep and wakefulness. A significant reduction in the total wake time because of an increased necessity to sleep was evident following a splicing mutation in the Sik3 protein kinase gene. SIK3 was detected to have a role in the homeostatic regulation of the amount of sleep. Further probe in this matter revealed that increased excitability and discharge of the REM inhibiting neurons cause for the decline in the total amount and duration of REM sleep owing to a missense, gain of function mutation in the sodium leak channel (NALCN). Hence, the sleep pattern behavior in mice may be substantially studied and the role of SIK3 and NALCN may be comprehensively understood in regulating the NREM and REM sleep through forward genetics analysis utilizing the non embryonic murine stem cells (Funato et al. 2016). References Doetschman, T., Gregg, R.G., Maeda, N., Hooper, M.L., Melton, D.W., Thompson, S. and Smithies, O., 1986. Targetted correction of a mutant HPRT gene in mouse embryonic stem cells.Nature,330(6148), pp.576-578. Funato, H., Miyoshi, C., Fujiyama, T., Kanda, T., Sato, M., Wang, Z., Ma, J., Nakane, S., Tomita, J., Ikkyu, A. and Kakizaki, M., 2016. Forward-genetics analysis of sleep in randomly mutagenized mice.Nature,539(7629), pp.378-383. Neri, F., Incarnato, D., Krepelova, A., Rapelli, S., Pagnani, A., Zecchina, R., Parlato, C. and Oliviero, S., 2013. Genome-wide analysis identifies a functional association of Tet1 and Polycomb repressive complex 2 in mouse embryonic stem cells.Genome biology,14(8), p.1. Takahashi, J.S., Pinto, L.H. and Vitaterna, M.H., 1994. Forward and reverse genetic approaches to behavior in the mouse.Science (New York, NY),264(5166), p.1724. Takahashi, K. and Yamanaka, S., 2006. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors.cell,126(4), pp.663-676. Verfaillie, C.M., Velez, M.A.B. and Heremans, Y.P., Regents Of The University Of Minnesota, 2013.Differentiation of non-embryonic stem cells to cells having a pancreatic phenotype. U.S. Patent 8,409,859. Wang, H., Yang, H., Shivalila, C.S., Dawlaty, M.M., Cheng, A.W., Zhang, F. and Jaenisch, R., 2013. One-step generation of mice carrying mutations in multiple genes by CRISPR/Cas-mediated genome engineering.Cell,153(4), pp.910-918. Wang, T., Wei, J.J., Sabatini, D.M. and Lander, E.S., 2014. Genetic screens in human cells using the CRISPR-Cas9 system.Science,343(6166), pp.80-84.

Risk Management of Legal Issues Affecting E-Commerce free essay sample

Risk Management of Legal Issues affecting E-Commerce Introduction Risk management is the ability to identify, assess, and prioritize risks depending on the threat they poses on a business and the resources available. Most organizations are operating their business online nowadays. Many industries such as banking, insurance, selling of goods, offering of certain services are turning their operations online. E-commerce has many challenges that threaten to make any organization conducting online business to fail. The ability to identify, asses, and come up with solutions to the risks in the e-commerce industry is essential in ensuring success of the organization. One of the major challenges of e-commerce is the legal implications among others. Due to the nature of online business that it is worldwide and that many people can access it, legal matters are a crucial issue in the commerce. E-commerce business is growing rapidly leaving the legal systems in a struggle to adapt to the growing industry. We will write a custom essay sample on Risk Management of Legal Issues Affecting E-Commerce or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Likewise, e-commerce organizations need to come up with new procedures and rules for the business. The growth poses many issues on regulation and many legal questions. How do authorities regulate digital content? Can national laws of a country apply in the web business? Can there be protection of privacy and protection of data in the internet? (Shah, Nagree, 2001) For any of the organizations in the online business, managers need to be aware of the legal issues. Given that for any business, the government tries to impose regulations, managers need to be aware of these regulations to be able to succeed in the business. The e-commerce rapid growth makes the laws to change from time to time to include the changes in the business. Therefore, managers need to be familiar with the changing laws and have a deep knowledge of the law to be able to make the best decisions for the organization in terms of legal issues. Improper decisions when it comes to legal matters can lead to the failure of a business. Non-compliance with the laws may lead to many legal consequences including the government forcing the organization to close or hefty fines, which may lead to many losses leading to the failure of the business. Therefore, the management needs to be aware of the legal concerns of the business to ensure compliance of the law is a daily routine of the organization. One example of the laws on e-commerce that affect the company is copyright laws. The copyright laws pose many threats to the survival of the business. Therefore, the management need to identify these risks, asses them, and develop ways of mitigating them to avoid them affecting the organization largely (Spindler, 2007). The process of risk management involves many other processes. The first process of risk management is to identify the risks. In the case of e-commerce and the copyright issues, the management has to find the risks that copyright issues present to the business. The identification of the risks that copyright issues pose must be at all the stages of the project. When a new product is available, the organization must look at the copyright issues in the first place. When there is a small problem regarding the copyright issues of any product or the website itself, the management must identify the small problem before it becomes a major problem threatening the product. Therefore, any organization must have large personnel for risk identification including a large and informed legal counsel to provide the necessary counsel on copyright issues (Bouridis, 2010). The second step to risk management is analysis of the risk. Analysis of the risk is paramount in making sure that an organization deals with the risk to avoid complications. The analysis involves prioritization, communication with the relevant teams to reduce the threat. In the case of copyright issues, once the team responsible has identified a problem on copyright of a new product, the team must go forward to analyze the real threat that the problem pose to the business. The team must consider other risks and evaluate them thus prioritizing which risk to cover first and which risk can wait. Once the team has identified the risks that need immediate attention, then they can go forward to communicate with other teams responsible for the product. In case the problem is with the website, the team must communicate with the web developers and other parties involved seeking the way forward to address the problem (Shah, Nagree, 2001). The third step to risk management is envisaging the consequences of the actions that an organization takes for a certain risk. The responsible teams must envisage the possible outcomes of any of the actions they take to tackle any problem. A problem with the copyright issues invites for certain actions from the responsible group. The group must look at all the possibilities of the action it takes. By looking at the future possibilities of an action, the group can decide on the best course of action. For example, there might be two actions the responsible group can take to deal with a problem, the group should look at both the actions and decide on the best that will even avoid such problems in the future but not just the action that best solves the problem now (Bouridis, 2010).. The management has to plan for the risk. The steps above call for the planning of risk. Some risks are urgent, others must be immediate, and others essential. All these risks require special attention. Therefore, the management must plan on how to al with the risks depending on their categories. The risks have a varying degree of risk, some have a high risk, others a low risk and others medium risk. The management must plan on how to deal with the risks depending on their degree of risk (Spindler, 2007). The management must also track the risk. The management needs to have a program that evaluates a risk from time to time. Tracking the risk from time to time ensures that the organization has the knowledge of new developments on the risk. The knowledge of new developments on the risk ensure that the organization takes immediate action when necessary for a development that they did not expect in envisaging the consequences that the risk they took for mitigating the risk has (Nasir, 2004). The last step to risk management is control of the risk. The control of risks must go in hand with the management of a project. In case of a new product in the market, the management of this new project must go in hand with the control of the risk that the product poses. The copyright issues of a new product in e-commerce pose risks to the business; therefore, as the management manages the new product, it must endeavor to control the risk that copyright issues pose. The management can do this by planning, and taking sequential preparation to the control of the risk (Shah, Nagree, 2001). Legal Concerns in E-Commerce There are many legal concerns in e-commerce. The major legal issues in e-commerce involve; contracts, security, authentication, privacy protection, data protection, intellectual property rights, domain names, jurisdiction, liability, and taxation. Other legal issues in e-commerce are content regulation, advertisement, electronic payment issues, and foreign direct investment. All these legal factors affect the business in one way or the other. The legal concerns pose risks to the business that may threaten the profits of the company, lead to legal complications, or even lead to the closure of the business. For a business to succeed, any organization that conducts its business online must take special consideration to the legal concerns. The ability of an organization to deal with the legal concerns will be crucial in determining the success of the business. Considering the ever-growing use of the internet for commerce, the legal issues are the major challenge for the e-commerce organizations. The management has to have the knowledge on the legal issues and come up with a plan that will ensure that the organization is able to mitigate these problems (Spindler, 2007). One of the most important legal aspects that an e-commerce organization must take into consideration is the contracts. Parties in that conduct business online must come up with proper ways to reach agreements online to ensure that the contracts are solid. The identity of parties is a major concern in online contracts. The parties mostly do not have prior knowledge of each other posing uncertainties in the authority of the party, legitimacy, and the authority to enter contracts. Although digital signatures are there to help in identifying parties online, different countries have different rules on the digital signatures. Therefore, digital signatures between parties of different countries may bring problems to contracts that they make. Problems in contracts attract legal complications in the organization. The contractual complications may even lead to complications in terms of intellectual and property rights (Bouridis, 2010). Jurisdiction Laws For e-commerce, customers are throughout the world. The law states that if any organization acquires a customer from another country, then the organization must defend the litigation arising from the country. An organization must review any content that it places on the website of its operations to comply with the jurisdiction laws of the country the organization markets, sells, or promotes its goods and services. If the organization does not review the content, a person may sue the organization by the jurisdiction of that other country. Given that e-commerce involves people throughout the world, parties to a contract might come from different jurisdictions. If parties from different jurisdictions make contracts, it might lead to different interpretations of the contractual information. If the parties fail to honor the contract, there might be complications on which jurisdiction the other party should sue. A problem may arise still where the organization does not deliver goods or services as the customer would expect. The customer does not know which jurisdiction to use to sue the organization. The jurisdiction laws is a risk in e-commerce as these legal complications may threaten profits or even lead to total failure of the organization (Silver, 2002). An organization may face action because of its website in form of civil law suits, regulator’s action, or criminal prosecution. Many countries’ courts have a theory in which courts can exercise jurisdiction of the current country if the other party has minimum contacts with the country. The minimum contacts are in form of financial gain, physical presence, election of court through a contract or a stream of commerce. Even if there is no physical presence of an organization in a country, any person can sue you in that country if there are sufficient minimum contacts of the organization’s website with the people (Nasir, 2004).. Privacy and Security Issues In order to promote e-commerce, security is a crucial issue. Most online organizations keep sensitive information on the organization’s websites. The organizations must put in place adequate measures that will help safeguard the sensitive information of their customers. The organization must prevent any intruders from accessing the sensitive information they keep for the customers. The security threats to information in a company might originate both from internal and external. Hackers, Trojan horses, and viruses comprise the risk factors of information from external. Technical staff and other employees comprise the risk from internal. The laws require that all companies have adequate measures to prevent the security threats. There are privacy and security policies that the government imposes on the organization. The ability of an organization to provide high security to the information of their customers is crucial in the success of the organization. Organizations that can guarantee privacy and security of the customer’s information will have a large customer base as they have the trust of the customers. If a person discovers that there is insecurity of his or her information, or the some other person has the information from a website, the person can sue the organization (Silver, 2002). Online Terms and conditions, Policies, and Laws There are many online terms and conditions, policies, and laws by the government and other regulating authorities. Most of the terms and conditions are to shield the organization from liability from the use of the online content by the consumers. Governments are also forming legislation to strengthen the terms and conditions in the websites of organizations. The government legislation aims at protecting the consumers of online content. The legislation also aims at protecting the information of the users. Privacy policies in particular aim to push online organizations to ensure that they have strong security measures to protect the information of the consumers. Thus, the government and other regulating bodies through policies aim to avoid the disclosure of information by organizations through their websites. Policies and laws differ from one country to the other. Therefore, it is a challenge for organizations to comply with the differing policies and laws of the different countries (Sayer Deveaux, 2000). The policies, laws, terms, and conditions on online transactions ensure the following. One is ensuring that there are proper contracts through the internet. Two is ensuring the recording of retention obligations. Three is to ensure control of exchange regulations. Four is ensuring foreign protection of information. Any e-commerce organization ability to come up with proper terms and conditions and comply with policies and laws determines the success of the organization. Poor terms and conditions could lead to legal complications that the organization should not be liable for them. Non-compliance with policies and laws could lead to the authorities taking measures against the organization, which could affect the success of the organization (Sayer Deveaux, 2000). Intellectual property Rights The protection of the intellectual property is paramount in every online organization. The boundless non-regulation nature of the internet causes challenges to the protection of the intellectual property of any organization in the e-commerce business. Intellectual property rights include copyright laws, patent laws, design, trade secret, and trademark among others. Many countries have laws to protect the intellectual property rights but the efficiency of the laws in protecting the intellectual property rights is uncertain. Another challenge of the e-commerce organizations is crossing the property rights of other organizations. The organization need to put proper measures to ensure that no employee crosses the intellectual rights of another organization in conducting the business of the organization (WIPO, 2002). One of the challenges in intellectual property rights of an organization is determination of the subject matter of which to protect. E-commerce business is growing fast and there is advent of technology every day. Therefore, there is emergence of new intellectual property rights posing a challenge to an organization on how to protect its intellectual property best. For example, getting a patent for a new product might require some existing product. The organization might fail to get a way to protect its product best leading to losing information to other organizations through theft. In this case, the organization cannot even sue that other company because it does not have enough legal ground. The new product might require a product that the organization does not produce; therefore, getting patents for the new product might become complicated. The complications in acquiring intellectual property rights of new products that is common in e-commerce poses a risk of the organization losing the intellectual property (Shoniregun, 2000). Another challenge to the intellectual property rights is assertion of originality or novelty. Most of the laws on intellectual property require that the property be original or novel. Most of the web contents are almost similar in nature. An organization must prove to the authorities that the work is original which is hard because of the similarity of the web content. The use of the work in the internet would also hinder the claim of novelty or originality in applying for intellectual property rights. An e-commerce organization has to devote its attention in proving the novelty or originality to avoid infringement by other organizations with similar intellectual property rights. Enforcement of the intellectual rights is another major challenge that e-commerce organizations have. The internet eases the duplication of intellectual property even if they have intellectual property rights protection. The anonymous environment of the internet makes it very hard for an organization to get the infringer. The infringing material is also at a particular location for a very short while, making it even harder for organizations to get the infringer. The inherent territory nature of intellectual property rights makes it hard to determine whether there is infringement or not. The differences in laws of countries makes it hard it hard for organizations to enforce the rights since some action might constitute infringement in one country while the same action does not constitute infringement in another country. To restrain infringement in other countries, the organization has to file cases in these other countries. The process is time and money consuming (WIPO, 2002). Prevention of unauthorized Meta tagging and hyperlinking is another major challenge e-commerce organizations are having. Some hyperlinking constitute infringing of intellectual property rights. Meta-tags constitute infringing of trademarks. Hyperlinks that link an organization’s website to another organizations website constitute intellectual property infringement if the permissions for linking this other organization has not provide permissions for linking. If an organization uses a meta-tag similar to a meta-tag of another organization, this organization infringes on the trademark of the other organization. Recommendations to Mitigate Risks in E-Commerce Organizations After identification and analysis of risks, an organization needs to take the necessary actions to mitigate the risks. The legal issues being a major risk to e-commerce organizations, the organizations need to take the necessary action to mitigate the effects of the same. The intellectual property rights being the factor affecting e-commerce most need special consideration. An organization can take several actions to mitigate the risks. The ability of the organization to mitigate these risks determines the success of the organization (Barr, 2000. One of the ways that an organization can take as a precautionary measure is to have a strong and highly competent legal team. A highly competent legal team ensures that the organization has a strong legal base. A strong legal base is to advise the organization in major legal decisions. To avoid legal complications common in e-commerce organizations, all the decisions must have a strong legal basis evaluating all the possibilities of a particular action (Barr, 2000. The organization must train all its employees on the best practices to avoid legal complications. The organization needs to formulate rules to employees that will ensure that the employees do not perform actions that can put the organization on the wrong side of the law. The employees need to follow all the rules the organization sets in place. The only way to make the employees follow these rules is proper education on the legal issues and the benefits of compliance. To avoid the complications that jurisdiction brings, organizations need to adopt the rules and regulations that look universal. The organization can also place legal personnel in the countries it conducts major business. The personnel in these different countries will ensure that the problems in difference in laws of countries do not affect the organization (Sayer Deveaux, 2000). Organizations need to implement electronic systems like the electronic copyright management system that prevent infringement of intellectual property rights. The electronic systems will help reduce the risks in enforcement of the laws that an organization puts in place to prevent infringement of intellectual property (Barr, 2000). Conclusion Risk management of an e-commerce organization is paramount to the success of the organization. The organizations need proper risk management procedures to ensure that they reduce the risks. Legal issues of e-commerce business are many and require special attention from the management of the organization. Any e-commerce organization needs to consider all the above issues and observe the recommendations to ensure success of the organization and avoid the legal complications. 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